PARENTING STYLES AND SELF-ESTEEM AS PREDICTORS OF SUBSTANCE ABUSE AMONG IN-SCHOOL ADOLESCENTS

Abstract

There has an increasing database indicating that substance use and abuse among in-school adolescents in Nigeria is on the increase. Studies investigating psychological factors predicting substance abuse gave varying results. Therefore, this study examined parenting styles and self-esteem as predictors of substance abuse among in-school adolescents in Ido, Nigeria. Cross-sectional survey design was used while data were collected using validated scales from 306 in-school adolescents from five randomly selected secondary schools. Data collected were analyzed using t-test of independent sample and multiple regressions to test three hypotheses. The result revealed that parenting styles and self-esteem jointly predicted substance abuse among study participants. The implication of this study is that there is high prevalence of substance abuse among in-school adolescents which need to be addressed immediately.

Keywords: Parenting styles, self-esteem, substance abuse, in-school adolescents. 

REFERENCES

Adalbjarnardottir, S., & Hafsteinsson, L. G. (2001).  Adolescents’ perceived parenting styles and their substance use: Concurrent and longitudinal analyses. Journal of Research in Adolescence, 11, 401 423.

Adeloye, D., Olawole-Issace, A., Auta, A., Dewan, M. T., Omoyele, C., Ezeigwe, N., et al. (2019). Epidemiology of harmful use of alcohol in Nigeria: A systematic review and meta-analysis. American Journal of Drug & Alcohol Abuse, 45(5), 438-450.

Alavi, H. R. (2011). The role of self-esteem in tendency towards drugs, theft and prostitution. Addiction & Health, 3(3-4), 119-124.

American Psychological Association (APA, 2023). Substance abuse. Dictionary.apa.org

Aroh, M., Ugwu, J., & Aboh, J. (2021). Substance abuse among patients in Nigerian army hospital. Nigerian Journal of Social Psychology 4(1), 60-79.

Ashfaq, Z.(2023). Role of drug related self esteem in relationship between drug related locus of control and depression among substance users. International Journal of Drug Development & Research, 15(2), 993.  https://10.36648-0975-9344-15.2-993

Asiimwe, C. N. (2018). Authoritarian parenting style, substance abuse and externalized problem behavior among secondary school students in Kawempe Division Kampala District. A Master’s degree thesis, Makerere University.

Aunola, K., Stattin, H., & Nurmi, J. E. (2000). Parenting styles and adolescents' achievement strategies. Journal of Adolescence, 23, 205-222.

Bassey, E.O. (2012).  Parenting style and involvement in drug abuse among secondary school students in Calabar education zone of Cross River State, Nigeria.   IJELICT 1(1), 43-53

Baumrind, D. (1995). Child maltreatment and optimal caregiving in context. Garland.

Berge, J., Sundell, K., Ojehagen, A., & Hakansson, A. (2016). Role of parenting styles in adolescent substance use: Result from a Swedish longitudinal cohort study. BMJ Open, 6(1),e00879  https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2015-008979

Bronfenbrenner, U. (1994). Ecological model of human behavior. International Encyclopedia of Education, Volume 2. Elsevier.

Christie, G., Marsh, R., Sheridan, J., Wheeler, A., Suaalii-Sauni, T., Black, S., & Buler, R. (2007). The substance and choice scale (SACS). The development and testing of a new alcohol and other drug screening and outcome measurement instrument for young people. Addiction,102(9), 1390-1398.

Farzad, N., Abbas, B. R., & Saman, N. (2014). The prediction of tendency to substance abuse on the basis of self-esteem and components of emotional intelligence. Research on Addiction Quarterly Journal of Drug Abuse, 8(31).

Fuentes, M., Garcia, O., &  Garcia, F. (2020). Protective and risk factor for adolescents substance use in Spain: Self-esteem and other indicators of personal well-being and ill-being. Sustainability, 12(15), 5962.  https://doi.org/10.3390/su12155962 

Idowu, A., Aremu, A. O., Olumide, A., & Ogunlaja, A. O. (2018). Substance abuse among students in selected secondary schools of urban community of Oyo-state, South-west, Nigeria: Implication for policy action. African Health Science, 18(3), 776-782.

James, R. L. (2003) Correlation between adolescent self-esteem, religiosity and perceived family support, Retrieved from http://clearinghouse.missouriwestern.edu/manuscripts/247.php.

Kim, H.-K., & Davis, K. E. (2009). Toward a comprehensive theory of problematic internet use: Evaluating the role of self-esteem, anxiety, flow, and the self-rated importance of Internet activities. Computers in Human Behavior, 25(2), 490–500. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2008.11.001.

Kumpulainen, K., & Roine, S. (2002). Depressive symptoms at the age of 12 years and future heavy alcohol use, Addictive Behaviors, 27, 425-436.

 Lamborn, S. D., Mounts, N. S., Steinberg, L., & Dornbusch, S. M. (1991).Patterns of competence and adjustment among adolescents from authoritative, authoritarian, indulgent, and neglectful families. Child Development, 62, 1049-1065. 

Liem J. H., Cavell E. C. & Lustig, K. (2010). The influence of authoritative parenting during adolescence on depressive symptoms in young adulthood: Examining the mediating roles of self-development and peer support, The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 171(1), 73-92.

Mann, M. M., Hosman, C. M. H., Schaaima, H. P., & Vires, D. (2004). Self-esteem in a broad-spectrum approach for mental health promotion. Health Education Research, 19(4), 337-372. https://doi.org/10.1093/her/cy.g041

Moitra, T., Mukherjee, I., & Chatterjee, G. (2017). Parenting behavior and juvenile delinquency among low-income families. Victims & Offenders, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1080/15564886.2017.1323062 

Nasiri, F., Nasiri, S., & Bakhshipour, A. (2015). The prediction of tendency to substance abuse on the basis of self-esteem and components of emotional intelligence. Research on Addiction,8(31), 135-146 

National Bureau of Statistics (NBS, 2024). Drug use in Nigeria. A publication of the National Bureau of Statistics, Abuja, Nigeria.

Obadeji, A., Kumolalo, B. F., Oluwole, L. O., Ajiboye, A. S., Dada, M. U., & Ebeyi, R. C. (2020). Substance use among adolescents high school students in Nigeria and its relationship with psychosocial factors. Journal of Research in Health Sciences, 20(2), e00480

Paulson, S. E. (1994). Relationship of parenting style and parental involvement with ninth-grade students’ achievement. Journal of Early Family Adolescence, 14, 369-381.

Radin, M. S., Neighbors, C., Walker, S. P., Walker, D. R., Marlatt, A. G., & Larimer, M. (2006). The changing influences of self-worth and peer deviance on drinking problems in urban American Indian adolescents, Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 20(2), 161-170.

Rosenberg, M. (1986). Conceiving the self. Malabar

Sanvictores, T & Mendez, M.D. (2023). Types of parenting styles and effects on children. Sta Pearls Publishing.

Sawai,  R. P., & Yusof, S.N.M. (2019). The relationship between parenting style and the risk of drug abuse among youth. Al-Abgari Journal of Islamic Social Sciences & Humanities, 21(1), 25-35   https://doi.org/10.33102/abgari.vol21no1.224

Smokova, L., Zhylin, M., Mendelo, M., Kyrylishyna, M., & Danilova, O. (2023). Socio-Psychological factors in the development of emotional intelligence of drug addicts. International Journal of Statistics in Medical Research, 12, 33-42.

Tao, R., Zhang, S., Li, Q., & Geng, H. (2012). Modulation of self-esteem in self- and other-evaluations primed by subliminal and supraliminal faces. PLoS One 7, e-47103.

Tuwei, P. C. (2014). Influence of drug abuse on students’ academic performance in public universities. A case of Uasin Gishu County in Kenya. A master degree thesis, University of Nairobi.

World Health Organization (2023). Statistics retrieved from http://www.who.int/mental_health/prevention/suicide_rates/en

 UNODC World Drug Report (United Nations Publication, 2023), Vienna International Centre, Wagramer Strasse 5, A 1400 Vienna, Austria.

Wang, F. &Veugelers, J. P. (2008). Self-esteem and cognitive development in the era of the childhood obesity epidemic, Obesity Review, 9, 615-623.

Withya, M. K., Leeb, W., & Renger, F. R. (2007). A practical framework for evaluating a culturally tailored adolescent substance abuse treatment, Ethnicity and Health, 12(5), 483-496.

Yang, C., Zhou, Y., Cao, Q., & Xia, M, An. J. (2019).The relationship between self-control and self-efficacy among patients with substance use disorders: resilience and self-esteem as mediators. Frontiers in Psychiatry; 10: 388.    https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00388 

 Yang, Z, Kim, C., Laroche, M., & Lee, H. (2014). Parental style and consumer socialization among adolescents: A cross-cultural investigation. Journal of Business Research, 67, 228–236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2013.05.008

Zamboanga, B. L., Schwartz, S. J., Jarvis, L. H., & Van Tyne, K. (2009). Acculturation and substance use among Hispanic early adolescents: Investigating the mediating roles of acculturative stress and self-esteem. The journal of primary prevention, 30, 315-333.